Exactly How Hard Are AP Tests and Classes

Exactly How Hard Are AP Tests and Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sure, they can help you get college credit and make your transcript more impressive. But are AP tests hard? The answer isn’t an easy yes or no. You need to consider many factors, including your own academic strengths, your school, and national score statistics. We'll guide you through these different factors and help you decide for yourself how hard AP tests will be! The AP Test Versus the AP Class There are two factors to consider when deciding how hard an AP subject is: the difficulty of the AP exam itself, and how the AP class is taught at your high school. Your score on the exam will affect whether you can get college credit for the class. Your grade in the class will affect your GPA and overall transcript impressiveness. For example, if you’re wondering, "Is AP Biology hard?" the answer depends on a few factors. AP Biology could be a very tough course at one high school but an easy A at another, depending on the teacher and curriculum. The exams, however, are pretty similar year to year. Some are harder than others, though your experience will depend on your personal strengths. In general, all AP classes are challenging and the exams are difficult, since they’re meant to be at the same level of an introductory college class. That said, we'll explore some factors that could make an AP class and test harder or easier. How Hard Is It to Pass an AP Exam? Earning a passing score (3+) on the AP test proves that you mastered the material and are able to study for a college-style cumulative exam. Doing well on the AP exam can help you get college credit and give your college applications a boost. It’s important to think about how hard an AP exam might be for you before signing up for the class. The average passing rate is around 60-70%, so your odds of passing an AP exam are generally good. However, just because the odds are in your favor, that doesn't mean you can slack off- far from it, in fact! The odds of passing with a 5- the highest score- are quite low on any exam: between 10% and 20% for most tests. They are even lower for popular tests, such as both AP English tests and AP US History, which have 5 rates below %. This is likely because a wider pool of exam takers results in more less-prepared students taking the test. Check out the table below to see the 2019 passing rates for all AP exams: Exam Name Passing Rate (3+) 5 Rate Studio Art: Drawing 91.1% 20.8% Spanish Language and Culture 89.0% 24.9% Chinese Language and Culture 88.3% 57.2% Studio Art: 2-D Design 86.4% 21.0% Calculus BC 81.5% 43.2% Physics C: Electricity Magnetism 81.1% 35.9% Seminar 80.7% 6.8% French Language and Culture 76.7% 15.5% Research 76.2% 10.8% Japanese Language and Culture 75.0% 38.2% Computer Science Principles 72.7% 13.6% Spanish Literature 71.9% 9.1% Physics C: Mechanics 71.1% 34.6% German Language and Culture 70.5% 18.4% Studio Art: 3-D Design 70.1% 10.1% Computer Science A 69.9% 27.0% Microeconomics 68.4% 22.2% Gov. and Politics - Comparative 66.2% 22.2% Biology 64.6% 7.1% Italian Language and Culture 64.6% .8% Psychology 64.4% 20.2% Art History 63.9% 12.0% Physics 2 63.5% 12.6% Music Theory 63.4% 20.9% Latin 63.1% 13.1% Statistics 59.2% 14.5% European History 58.4% .7% Calculus AB 58.3% 18.9% Macroeconomics 57.9% 17.6% World History 56.0% 8.7% Gov. and Politics - United States 55.2% 12.9% English Language and Composition 55.1% 10.1% Chemistry 54.6% 10.7% United States History 54.3% 12.1% English Literature and Composition 50.1% 6.2% Environmental Science 49.6% 9.5% Human Geography 49.1% 10.7% Physics 1 44.6% 6.2% Source: College Board. Note that a lot of AP classes self-select for motivated students or students with experience in a subject- especially the ones with ridiculously high pass rates, such as Calculus BC, Chinese, and Physics. Even though these exams have high pass rates, they're are often viewed as some of the hardest AP classes to pass. Also, notice that exams with some of the lowest passing rates, such as Environmental Science and Human Geography, are ones many students say are the easiest. These exams have lower passing rates because younger high school students who are less prepared for AP tests often take these classes. In addition, many students simply underestimate them and don’t study enough. As a result, these exams can be easier to pass, but you have to be prepared to study and not expect to pass without some hard work. If you are studying for a test with a particularly low pass or 5 rate, be sure to do plenty of multiple-choice and free-response practice so you can get that top score. Also, consult our scoring guide to learn how to come up with a target raw score while practicing. Furthermore, instead of just going off the pass rate table only, think about the subjects you’ve traditionally been strong at- these will likely be easier APs for you to pass. On the other hand, if there is a subject you've always struggled with, the AP exam in it will likely be hard for you, even if it seems as though a lot of students are able to pass it every year. How Hard Are AP Classes? So what about the classes themselves? Is AP Chemistry hard? Is AP Psychology hard? How about Statistics or English? How hard an AP class itself will be for you is important to consider. In general, a B in an AP class is more impressive than an A in a regular course. However, if your GPA is getting dragged down by a bunch of AP classes, that’s not the best outcome either. After all, your GPA is very important in college admissions and is used to calculate your chance at getting scholarships, too. Therefore, you want to make sure that you challenge yourself but don’t spread yourself too thin. Of course, getting an A in an AP class is ideal. The difficulty of an AP class will depend on your school and its grading policy (some schools weigh AP classes so getting lower than an A won’t necessarily drop your GPA below a 4.0). AP class difficulty also varies a lot from teacher to teacher. Some teachers won’t assign a lot of work but will expect you to study on your own. Others will keep you busy with nightly assignments, practice tests, and projects. As an example, I took both World History and US History AP courses in high school. Both AP tests are considered difficult: you have to learn a ton of material and also be able to write quality free-response answers in a short amount of time. However, even though the tests were similarly hard, these two AP history classes were taught very differently at my school. For AP World History, we were given reading assignments out of the textbook and unit tests, but there were not many daily assignments or projects. Basically, we were expected to keep up with the material on our own, and, as a result, I had to independently handle much of my own studying for the test. For US History, we had textbook readings, outlines, vocabulary lists, and research projects. Our teacher also held many after-school and Saturday study sessions. The class itself kept me very busy, but the assignments were important practice for the AP test, and so there was less I had to do on my own. World History was fairly easy to get an A in but a tough test to pass. By contrast, US History was tough to get an A in and a tough test to pass. There is no right way to teach an AP class. But as a student, you should be aware of your strengths and limitations. Do you do better directing your own studying, or is it helpful for you to have daily assignments to force you to stay on top of things? Being able to answer this question will help you choose AP classes that play to your strengths, and also let you get good grades and pass the exam. In general, there is a lot of material to cover in AP classes, so they tend to be more challenging than regular classes- especially courses like AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Physics, US and World History, and English. These are all much harder than their regular or honors equivalents. Some exceptions are AP US Government, which some schools cover in a semester because there is less material, and AP Environmental Science, which has less memorization than AP Biology and AP Chemistry do. Still, how hard any one AP class will be ultimately depends on your school and the teacher. Find out about the teacher and curriculum of an AP class before signing up to make sure it’s a good fit for you and your study style. (See our post on which AP class you should take to learn more about scoping out classes.) How to Decide Whether an AP Class Is Too Hard for You It's often difficult to determine whether an AP class will be too difficult for you. Here are some tips to lend you a hand for both before and after you sign up for an AP class. Before You Sign Up for an AP Class ... #1: Think About the Classes You've Already Taken For example, in order to take AP Biology, most schools require students to take regular or honors biology first. The more background knowledge you have of a certain subject, the more likely you'll do well in its corresponding AP class. If you don't have a ton of prerequisites for an AP class, think carefully about whether the class will be out of your reach. It'd be very tough to take on, say, AP Physics, if you've never taken a physics course before! #2: Can You Find a Copy of the AP Syllabus? Looking at the AP class's current syllabus can help you find out what the workload is like and how the teacher integrates practice AP exams into the course. You can also talk to current students and ask about their experiences in the class. #3: Find Out the Passing Rate for the AP Test at Your School If the passing rate for the AP test is low, recognize that you might have to put in a lot of work on your own in order to pass it. If it’s a high pass rate, though, that’s a good sign that the teacher has a strong AP-prep curriculum in place. #4: See Whether There's a Summer Assignment Many AP classes kick off with work over the summer. If you already have summer plans that will make it hard to complete the work, think carefully about whether you can fit that class into your schedule. After You Sign Up for an AP Class ... #1: Evaluate How Things Are Going at Your First Midterm What’s your grade so far in the class? How are you doing with the teacher’s style? How well are you getting the material? Consider dropping to the regular class if you are seriously struggling, but try to push through the first marking period. Just make sure that you don’t pass your school’s class- change deadline! #2: Reevaluate at the End of the First Term If, by the end of the first quarter/trimester, your grade hasn’t improved or you don’t think you are understanding the material, seriously consider dropping to the regular version of the course. It’s not worth taking the AP exam if you’re certain you won’t pass- and it’s definitely not worth damaging your GPA over an AP test you won’t pass! #3: Before Dropping, Explore Extra Resources Don't just drop an AP class right away; rather, try to explore other resources available to you, such as in-school tutoring, private tutoring, online resources, and study groups. If meeting with a study group once a week or doing your own online practice problems helps you keep up with an AP class, then consider pushing through. However, if you try adding an outside resource and are still seriously struggling to understand the material and make it through the class, it's better to just drop to regular and focus your efforts on other advanced classes. What’s Next? Read our guides to learn more about AP tests, such as how long they are and how can you deal with exhaustion. Also, learn about how AP tests are scored. The first step to getting a 5 is finding out the minimum raw score you need to earn one! Have you taken the ACT or SAT yet? Not sure which one you’ll do best on? Read our guide to choose the test that’s right for you. If you've taken the SAT and want to improve your score, check out our guides to improving your Reading, Writing, and Math scores. Taking the ACT instead? Learn the vocabulary you need to know, all the most important grammar rules, and how to write an ACT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Gender and Sexual Studies Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender and Sexual Studies Questions - Assignment Example African American women are tempted by cars, houses and money if they take care about white and rich children, but in reality they have to look 24/7 after the children and have no days off. People, hiring domestic workers for dirty work in America very often beat their housemaids and nannies. How does it happen in the modern America? The scheme of exploitation is rather simple: employers confiscate passport and other documents of the coming women and sign a contract, where low paid working hours and hard work are described (Zarembka, p. 4). There are no even appropriate words to describe cruelty, sexual and physical assault practiced by employers against their hired housekeepers or nannies. Therefore, women from ethnic minorities or immigrants are often treated as â€Å"simple creatures† or even â€Å"slaves†. Domestic workers are hired by individual boss and it is hard for legal institutions to protect the rights of those â€Å"creatures†, hidden in private house s. These people from developing countries are looking for a better chance for life and they go to America â€Å"to make their dream come true†. In reality, as we can see in the film â€Å"Maid in America†, these women live their children in their developing countries and come to America for cleaning and bringing up children of other women. There are more than 10 million undocumented workers in America, which came to the country in the searching for a better life. More than 100,000 of them are deported to Mexico and Central America. Proponents claim that these are better lives for women in comparison with what they left at home. Very often these women are looking for better lives for their families, but on the other hand, in reality they penetrate in the cruel world of slavery. Non-English speaking help is easily controlled by the employers in America and they know that women have no place to go and they can work for low payments, in spite of the absence of social guara ntees or legal protection of their rights. Therefore, on the one hand, immigrants consider America as the most perfect dream, but on the other hand, they cannot make their dream come true. There is no doubt that financial concerns and a better future are two important triggers for â€Å"dirty work† performance. Still, there is a need to support developing countries and provide its dwellers with an opportunity to earn money and make future of their children better than they have at home. Thus, there is a need for prohibition of illegal human trafficking and shelters for illegal workers in America. Bridget Anderson in her article â€Å"Just Another Job? The Commodification of Domestic labor† claims that household duties cannot be done by working couple, which have children and money. They are busy at work and they need someone to help about the house. Middle-class women once having access to hiring domestic workers, get rid of their boring daily routine and have much tim e for their family, career, rest and themselves. On the one hand, if they are ready to pay for help, why not, but on the other hand, this domestic work is really degrading self-esteem of their employees and they are not satisfied with salary they get for doing daily routine jobs (Anderson, p. 2). It is better to bring up children with correct moral principles and enable them to take care about themselves. There is a lack of social viability of domestic

Human Resource project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource project - Essay Example f our own emotions and those of others, in the moment, and to use that information to manage ourselves and manage our relationships optimally.† The level of emotional intelligence that one possesses can create negative or positive impact, on the owner of a company, on the company’s managers, personnel and even customers. If any organization becomes luckier in overturning the negative impact into positive, undoubtedly, success will be easily attainable. A negative behavior may be demonstrated by creating fear, stress, frustration, and anger. It can limit risk-taking and creativity. It can de-motivate, drain energy and discourage communications. All these will be translated into a negative impact that will become apparent through the reduction in productivity, an onset of discontent, increased stress in the workplace, diminished teamwork, faster turnover, and the organization may be viewed by the customers with a negative image. It would be a comparative advantage for any organization to promote a more positive outlook within the company, and more effectively, to be able to detect the obvious negative impact and overturn them into positive attributes. Positive behaviors like affording support on teamwork, creativity and risk-taking must be reinforced. Commendable traits such as motivating, confidence-building, open communication and productivity-conscious are to be enhanced. Through these efforts, positive impact shall be assured of, and can only lead to positive work environments, personal growth, favorable productivity, customer satisfaction and a more positive image in the eyes of the customers, and naturally, profits. If the members of an organization are lacking in emotional intelligence, management should not ignore this, because it will be to their detriment. The first step which may not be that easy, is to recognize the unfavorable behavior, and the underlying reasons behind such undesirable trait. Once it is decided that the problem can be

The Reverse Product Cycle Model Of Service

The Reverse Product Cycle Model Of Service In this essay, I will be evaluate the effectiveness of reverse product life cycle as a theory of innovations in service and to find out if there is alternative model that does a better job in this. To answer the question, I will first look at some of the major characteristics of services and how they compare to that of manufactured goods; I will then look at the three different approaches of service innovation theories. Next, I will look at what a normal product life cycle looks like, how it can be used to explain innovations in manufactured goods. After that, I will look at the different stages of reverse product cycle and evaluate it effectiveness with the help of examples. I will also look at some of its limitations and questions raised by other authors. Finally I will look at the four dimension model of service innovation to find out if it is a better alternative than that of the reverse product cycle. Goods and services are often mentioned in the same sentence, while there are many similarities between the two, they are actually very different. Services are something that is intangible offered or sold to customers; it is not something that can be contact physically. When people purchase a good, they actually own the product after paying for it. But this is not the case in services. Good examples of services are public transports, mail deliveries, insurances, retail banking, and broadband internet. Here we can see, these are products that cannot be owned even if you pay for it. The differences between goods and services are so huge and obvious; it is not surprised to see the innovation processes of the two are hugely different too. Innovations in manufactured goods are often related to innovations in technologies. When it comes to research and development, manufacturing companies focus on improving the technologies and performances of their products. However innovation in services mainly focuses on improving the design of the services instead of the technological aspects. Tekes, a Finnish website defined service innovation as the following : Service innovation is a new or significantly improved service concept that is taken into practice. It can be for example a new customer interaction channel, a distribution system or a technological concept or a combination of them. A service innovation always includes replicable elements that can be identified and systematically reproduced in other cases or environments. The replicable element can be the service outcome or the service process as such or a part of them. A service innovation benefits both the service producer and customers and it improves its developers competitive edge (Tekes) Although innovation in manufactured are much more well known than innovations in services, there were a number of models, theories or frameworks which was produced over the years in order to help and explain the nature of services innovations. These theories and models can be fitted into three different approaches. They are service-orientated approaches, integrative approaches and technologist approaches. In this essay, we will focus on Richard Barras reverse product cycle which falls into the technologist category, it is important to note that the technologist approach is the most common approach out of the three, it focuses mainly on bringing in new equipments and technical systems into service firms and industries. Reverse product cycle was introduced in one of Barras articles named towards a theory of innovation in services which was published in the Research Policy journal in April 1986. Barra realized at the time the importance of services industries in the economies and that most of the economic theories of innovation focuses exclusively on manufacturing goods. Because of this, Barra decided to develop a theoretical model that explain innovation process in services industries. (Gallouj. F 1998) Before we explain how the reverse product life cycle can be used to explain innovation in services, we need to first understand how the normal product life cycle operates. Product life cycle can be separated into four different stages: they are 1) the take-off or introduction stage, 2) the growth stage, 3) the maturity stage and finally 4) the decline stage. (QuickMBA) During the introduction stage, the companys main objective is to promote the product therefore potential customers become aware of the existence of the new products. The product at this stage is new to the public, and its performance is often superior compare to alternatives. The price at this stage is usually high in order to cover the production costs, and the volume of output is often low. The competitive edge at this stage lies in the performances of the product. The nature of the innovation process here is product innovation (QuickMBA) The growth stage, during this stage, customers are well aware of the existence of the product and a number of competitors has emerged, these competitors will offer products with similar performances and merits. the main goals for firm at this phase is to increases or maintain market shares. The price at this stage is often lower than that of previous stage and the volume of output increases also. In order to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals, a firm will focuses on improving the quality of the product which can be done by adding additional features. The nature of the innovation process here is radical. (QuickMBA) Maturity stage, during this stage even more competitors has emerged. The market starting to become saturated. The price of the product will further decrease as there are more competitions around, and the level of output greatly increases. The nature of the innovation process at this stage is incremental. The competitive focus here is to reduce production costs which leads to lower price and increasing output as much as possible therefore selling more units which leads to higher profits. (QuickMBA) Decline stage, this stage is reached when the market is totally saturated and the products technology become established. There are always the threats from newer and more advanced technologies here. When a new technology emerged, the whole cycle begins all over again, with the old technology declined and new technology introduced. (QuickMBA) In his article, Barras argued that the product life cycle as a whole is not driven by one single force. He suggested that early on in the cycle, technology push driving force is predominant where as later on in the cycles where the nature of the innovations are incremental, the predominant force is usually demand pull force generated by users. (Barras. R 1986) Now we understand how product life cycle can be used to explain the process of innovation in manufactured goods, we will now look at the reverse product life cycle which is concerned with innovations in services. Reverse product life cycle works in a complete opposite direction compared to the normal product cycle. The first stage of the cycle involves incremental innovations which aim to increase the efficiency of existing services. The second stage of the cycle is concerned with radical innovations where innovations are focused on improving the quality of existing services. The third and final stage of the reverse product cycle is focus on developing a totally brand new service that is significantly different compared to other services in the industries. (Barras. R 1986) To have a better understanding of the reverse product cycle, we will look at a few examples that were illustrated in Barras articles. The examples we will look at are local governments, insurance companies and accounting companies which are all in the services industries. During the first stage of the cycle in the 1970, companies were applying mainframe computer technology in services organisations. The purpose of the application is to improve efficiency as well as cutting down the demand for labour in services sector. The application of computer technology was employed by insurance company to computerised records of policies. It also provides computer audit techniques as well as internal time recording for accounting companies. Finally it was used by local governments to computerise personnel records and payroll. The applications of mainframes computers had greatly increase the efficiency in these three sectors, it has cut down the demand for labour by a considerable amount. The nature of innovation is incremental and the type of investment is considered to be in the capital deepening nature. The full effects of the mainframes computer became fully conscious to companies by 1979 which lead to the reverse cycle entering the next stage. (Barras. R 1986 ) In the second stage which was round the 1980s, companies began applying mini and micro computer technology in the services industries. Local government used the technology to computerize house waiting list. Insurance companies began to provide online quotations in branch offices. And accountancy used the technology to computerized accounting management and book-keeping services. The mini and micro computer technology is radical rather than incremental; it improves the effectiveness of the services instead of just the efficiency. Unlike the previous stage, the type of investment is considered to be capital widening investment and it has no impact on the demand of labour. (Barras. R 1986) In the third stage of the reverse product cycle, the focus is not on improving the quality of the services anymore; instead it is about creating totally new services. At this stage, companies concentrates on developing a new service that is different and better to other services in the industries. By doing this, companies can create a completely new market. Back to our examples, networking technology was developed in the 1990s and was employed by insurance companies, accounting companies and local governments. This networking technology provides users a full online insurance and investment services. For accounting companies, the networking technology allows companies to offer a completely automatic audit and accounts services. For the local governments, viewdata system became available to the local residents to get public information services. Like previous stage, the investement type here is again considered to be capital widening, however the nature of the innovation is no longer j ust a process, instead it focuses on product. It is important to point out that this stage has a positive impact on labour, increasing the demand of labour and level of employments. (Barras. R 1986) Once the new technology is established and adopted by public, just like the normal product life cycle, the reverse cycle will start all over again and start at stage one again where innovation nature would be incremental and focuses on improving the efficiency of the new product. (Barras. R 1986) Now that we understand how the reverse product cycle operates, it is important for us to examine its validity in explaining innovation is services. In an article named Innovation in reverse: services and the reverse product cycle which was published in the European Journal of Innovation Management in 1998, the author, Professor Faiz Gallouj pointed out the limitations of the model in the third stage. Gallouj argued that the model sees innovations as products. But in services, the product is in fact a process, therefore it is difficult for a process to be explained in a model that was originally designed to explain a product. (Gallouj. F 1998) Gallouj pointed out that Barras model are drawn from case studies that focus only on information and telecommunications technologies in vanguard services sector. And because of this, Gallouj raised two questions in his article. The first being if the model is valid for all vanguard services? And the second question is if the model is valid in explaining technologies other than information and telecommunications? (Gallouj. F 1998) There are evidences to show that the reverse product cycle does not apply to all vanguard services. The first example is legal consultancy in France which is clearly a type of services. An empirical study carried out by Gallouj suggested that legal consultancy in France does not appeared to show a reverse product life cycle. This is because consultancy is not open to technological information and it doesnt handle codified information. Having said that, there are signs of innovations in this activity, but the nature of innovations doesnt fall into the ones in the reverse product cycle. (Gallouj. F 1998) The second example is notary, microcomputers and fax machines were introduced to these services but these innovations are only incremental, there are no signs of radical and product innovations. (Gallouj. F 1998) These two examples have shown that the reverse product cycle isnt really valid for all vanguard services. Barras model is only valid in explaining vanguard services that are greatly influenced by technological evolution. (Gallouj. F 1998) We will now look at the second question raised by Gallouj, whether the reverse product cycle model can be applied to technologies other than information and telecommunications? (Gallouj. F 1998) Again to answer this question, we will look at two examples that were discussed in Galloujs paper. The first example is containerized transport, it was an incremental innovations in the beginning improving efficiency of transports which falls nicely into the first stage of the cycle. In the second stage, the sizes of the containers are made identical and unloading cranes was introduced. These changes greatly improves the effectiveness of the services, the services quality was greatly enhanced. In recent years, the tracking technology has been introduced to this service making it possible to know the exact details of the container at all time, these details includes its ownership, its origins and its destinations. This technology improves the services so much that it can considered being a brand new service. Therefore we can see the innovations in containerized transports over the years fit the reverse product cycle quite nicely. (Gallouj. F 1998) The second example Gallouj discussed is the fast food services in America. He suggested that cooking and refrigeration technologies are incremental innovations whereas computerized menu ordering is radical innovations process as it increases the quality of the services by a considerable amount. (Gallouj. F 1998) From these two examples, we can see the reverse product cycle can be applied on other services other than information and telecommunication. So is the reverse product cycle a good model to explain innovations in services? Should we continue to use it in the future? The model is useful in explaining innovation process when the innovation is technological related, however not all innovations are technological; therefore the model is only useful in explaining some areas of services innovation. Having said that, the model still provides tremendous amounts of insights on how some innovations process are carried out, therefore it should still be used in the future. So are there any other models that are more promising than the reverse product cycle by Barras? As mentioned earlier, one of the shortcomings of Barras model is that it only focuses on innovations that are considered to be technological. Therefore it would be useful to look at Den Hertogs four dimensional model of service innovations which explain four different areas of innovations. The four dimensions are 1) service concept 2) client interface 3) service delivery system and 4) technological options. The above diagram is taken from the international journal of innovation management page 495 New service concept is when a new idea is introduced in a particular market. The new idea only has to be new in the market in question; it can be an existing in other markets. Call centre service is a good example of this dimension. (Hertog. D 2000) New client interface is the interface design between the service provider and the customers. The communication channels between service providers and customers can be innovation itself. A good example of this dimension is electronic data interchange (EDI) (Hertog. D 2000) Service delivery system is similar to dimension two, but it is actual arrangement that is planned internally by the service provider in order to make sure their employees to do their job correctly. A good example of this dimension would be how amazon delivery ebooks using 3g technology onto consumers kindle reader (Hertog. D 2000) Technological option is the final dimension, although innovation doesnt have to be technological, many innovations have technological elements. IT is the most common form of innovations, a good example would be parcel tracking services provided by royal mail. (Hertog. D 2000) Hertog suggested that any given service innovations will have a combinations of the dimensions mentioned above. In fact, quite frequently they become interdependent with each other. Often times when a new service product is introduced in the market, it will need a new client interface design so communication between service provider is clear, also new delivery system should be planned too in order for the staff to delivery the service properly. (Hertog. D 2000) For example Royal mail introducing the tracking technologies of parcels will need a brand new interface (website) for consumers to be able to use the services; they will also need staff to deal with issues with the tracking system that might occur (delivery system) The four dimension model is an excellent framework illustrating how services innovation can be operated; looking at more than one dimension of innovations at a time allows the model to be applied to most services innovation. And because of this, the four dimension model should be superior to the reverse product cycle when explaining innovations in services. Having said that the Barras model still offered considerable amount of insights, therefore it should not be discarded. In this report, we have learnt how the normal product life cycle can be used to explain innovation in manufacturing goods, what are the key features in each stage. We have also learnt how innovation in services worked in an opposite manner by looking at the reverse product cycle, and understood the models limitations by applying it to different examples of services. We also seen what the four dimensions of innovations are and how they can be used as an alternative theory to explain innovation in services and finally we have understood the effectiveness of this model and how it compares to the reverse product cycle.

Ancient Rome vs Ancient Greece

In Rome, there are three social classes, arranged according to wealth; Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves. Patricians are the upper class citizens; they are very wealthy and highly educated. They make up the majority of the senate and therefore control the laws. Plebeians are the poor, lower-class citizens. They greatly outnumber the Patricians, make up most of the army, and pay most of the taxes. They are not allowed to marry Patricians or take part In government. Slaves are at the bottom of the Roman social order; they make up over 25% of Romeos population, and are essential to Its survival.Wealthy citizens often own many slaves, which they use to complete various tasks around the home. They consisted of prisoners of war, Plebeians whom were In debt, or children born of slaves. Slaves often work on farms, In mills, at shops, doing city construction, or are servants. Roman writer, Seneca, believes that masters should treat their slaves well, as a well-treated slave will work better f or a good master rather than Just doing enough begrudgingly for someone who mistreats their slaves.Slaves can receive freedom from their masters if they mom up with enough money, or are released upon the master's death. Women are not considered equal to men. Their primary duty is to care for their family. The amount of work that they do is correlated to the amount of wealth they have, with rich women usually having servants to do most of their work. Women from lower class families have to do daily chores on their own, or assisted by daughters. This usually includes washing dishes, sweeping floors, and cooking. Rome is home to some of the finest pieces of art in the world.This includes architecture, paintings, sculptures, and mosaics. The sculpture is the most important piece of artwork, with thousands of sculptures located all over Rome. If you're looking for entertainment, Roman citizens often gather in The Coliseum to see fights between gladiators, slaves, prisoners, and wild anim als. These fights are very violent, and therefore enjoyable. They only end when the loser is dead. Chariot racing at The Hippodrome is also very popular in Rome. The Coliseum, The Pantheon, and Circus Maximum, are mongo some of Romeos grandest buildings.Greece: The Greek social structure is broken Into three groups; citizens, emetics, and slaves. A citizen Is born of Athenian parents, and they are the most powerful group In Greece. After compulsory service In the army, they often became government officials, and took part in Jury service. A emetic Is of foreign birth and has migrated to Athens to trade or practice craft. They must pay taxes and are sometimes required to serve In the army, despite this, they can never achieve the full rights of a excellent. ThisIncludes the ability to own houses, and the ability to speak In court. Slaves were servants and laborers without any legal rights. Slaves can be prisoners of war, or bought from slave traders. These social statuses only apply to men, as women adopt their social status from their husband. Women In Greece are not permitted to take part in public life, making it a prime destination for the whole family! Greece is the sculpture is our preferred form of artistic expression, as it shows an expression of individuality, and the beauty of the human body.Aphids, Polytheists, and Myron are three of our most prized sculptures. One of the most distinguishable art feature of Greece, are our columns. They are crafted in three different styles; Doric is the simplest of these three styles. Ionic is thinner and more elegant with a scroll-like design. Corinthian is the rarest but most elaborate column, with many complex designs; it is often decorated with acanthus leaves. In Greece, there is no shortage of entertainment. We have invented the theatre, a place in which audiences come from all around to watch comedies or tragic plays.Greece is also home to the Olympic Games, the world's premier sport event. Held in honor of Z eus, athletes from around Greece compete in various events in front of thousands of spectators. There are also many marvelous building in Greece, such as The Parthenon, a temple overlooking Athens. The Erection is a temple north of the Acropolis, dedicated to Athena and Poseidon. The Temple of Olympian Zeus is a temple in the center of Athens, with enormous columns. Greece is the premier destination of the World, so why not come by?

The Atomic Bombings Of Japan - 1029 Words

One of the most argued topics in all of history is the atomic bombings of Japan in August of 1945. Many argued that we should have done exactly as we did, they would argue it was the only way to get Japan to surrender and to not lose any more American lives. Others believe that it was very unethical in dropping the atomic bombs. The director of Nuclear Studies Institute at American University in Washington D.C, Peter Kuznick, was against the whole idea, stating that â€Å"Truman knew he was beginning the process of annihilation of the species. It was not just a war crime; it was a crime against humanity.† Back in the fall of 1945, there was a poll, the Roper Poll, that the people of the United States took to determined whether they think if we should have dropped the atomic bombs, Fat Man and Little Boy, on the Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Back then 53.5 percent of the people who took this poll agreed with it. Harold Steele was among this percentage. Steele was a U.S. Army Infantry lieutenant in European theater during World War II, when he was interviewed by Mark DePue he stated that, â€Å"I come even more proud of a president that had the courage, the conviction. But also, he’d been a battery commander in the artillery in World War I. . .And that helped him make decisions without probably thinking too long. Get this sucker over. . .We’re fighting to the last blood, the last person!. . .The kamikaze pilots and all the other factors brought into being that were not evenShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bombing Of Japan2375 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction: The research question of this essay is â€Å"To what extent was the atomic bombing of Japan at the end of the Second World War Justified? In 1945, the United States authorized the dropping of the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The first bomb, dropped on August 6th 1945, had a total casualty rate of 135,000, including non-combatant civilians, and as this, the atomic bombing of Japan at the end of the Second World War has indeed been a hugely discussed topic withinRead MoreThe Atomic Bombing Of Japan1228 Words   |  5 Pagesnation in world’s history to subject many human beings to the atomic bombs purposely. That fact is well known to many people, but too little Americans think that the atomic bombing of Japan by the U.S. in August of 1945 in such cautious terms. Before the bombings occurred, there was a debate which was limited to the few top officials who knew of the secret of â€Å"tube alloys† and secret â€Å"S-1†. Once there was an announcement of the bombings, those who were amongst the war, overall accepted these actsRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? 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I believe that the solution that Truma n gave when dropping the Atomic Bomb shouldRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United States still remain controversial today and the UnitedRead MoreA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words   |  6 Pages On August 6, 1945 the course of history was changed. Two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. Japan had already been a defeated nation from conventional bombs and World W ar II. Many innocent lives were lost, psychological scars were left on the lives of the bomb survivors, and thus many lives were changed forever. The atomic bombings caused many people to have genetic effects due to the radiationRead MoreAtomic Bombs And Its Effects On Japan1369 Words   |  6 PagesCan you imagine how many atomic bombs that have killed many Japanese during, World War II in Japan? On August 6, 1945, a new weapon with a significant explosive power known as the atomic bombs just has been dropped on Japan. The dropping of this weapon on Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were 262,020 civilians were killed. The United States to chose the atomic bomb in order for Japan to surrender and end the war quickly. Likewise, President Truman as the duty as president and Commander in Chief to protectRead MoreMoral Dilemma in History: The Atom Bomb708 Words   |  3 PagesOn August 6, 1945, the B-27 superfortress, the Enola Gay, dropped the first atomic weapon on Hiroshima. Two days l ater, the B-29 bomber, the Bockscar, dropped the second and final atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered days later on September 2nd, 1945. Since the days of the bombings, there has been much debate about whether use of the the atomic bombs was even necessary to end the war. Even President Truman and Secretary of War Henry Stimson grappled with its necessity even after they authorizedRead MoreThe Worldly Struggles Of The Sun Shines Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagessituation, were quite common in Japan. Since the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Korean and Japanese people have been struggling to recover, both mentally and physically. In this paper, I will discuss the issue with nuclear weapons by explaining the events in history leading to the Atomic bombings, the victims’ struggle to recover from the bombings, and the action people are taking from the bombings in today’s society. The tension between the United State and Japan have? been around sinceRead MoreHiroshima, Japan, And Japan1352 Words   |  6 PagesHiroshima, Japan and Nagasaki, Japan Leader of Japan: Hideki Tojo, Minister of war Leader of United States: General Douglas MacArthur Hiroshima Hiroshima is a city located in Honshu, Japan. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in the world to be struck by an atomic bomb. (Hiroshima, britannica.com) From 1868 it was a military center, and was a target for the atomic bombing by U.S. during World War II. Nagasaki Nagasaki is a city located in Kyushu, Japan. Before

Effective Business Communication - 1195 Words

Business Communication Introduction Communication process involves exchange of information between the sender and the receiver. The sender transmits a message while the receiver decodes the message sent (Innis, 1950). The key elements of myriad communication models are: the sender, the receiver, the message, the channel or the medium through which the message is conveyed, the context, noise/interference, and feedback (Dimbleby Burton, 1998). Communication will be considered effective when the receiver fully understands the senders message. The sender or the source traditionally initiates communication process in a business setting. The audience becomes the receiver. The sender and the receiver engage in turn-taking (Heath Bryant, 2000). This kind of interaction implies that whatever message the sender transmits can affect the sender and vice-versa. Context in the communication process implies communication takes place in a given surrounding (Dimbleby Burton, 1998). Physical context may imply that communication may be taking place in the office or in ones living room. Social context may be a club set up. There is also a cultural context. There are a set of circumstances and beliefs that impact a communication process. Noise/interference disrupts communication process. Noise can be physical or psychological. Disruption is often attributed to elements in the system (Dimbleby Burton, 1998). 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Successful communication, ethical communication, collaboration, listening, nonverbal skills, business messages, direct and indirect approaches, business etiquette and establishing creditability, to name a few, are concepts that influence business communication and the abilityRead MoreThe Need for Internal Communication in an Effective Business747 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication is a basic way for people to interact with each other. It is how they make the other parties understand what they try to say, do something toward it and viceverca. Communication can be done directly by talking straight forward to the person, or indirectly which mean trough media from hand writing in a piece of paper, having conversations trough telephone or even face talking using internet connection, some applications and computer system. 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Now that I have spent the semester learning and analyzing these skills, I feel IRead MoreThe Importance of Effective Cross Cultural Communication in International Business (Research Proposal)2551 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Table of Contents List of Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning CCC Cross Cultural Communication GLOBE Global Leadership and Organisational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program List of Tables Table 1 shows the advancements of Halls theory over time. The table is based on (Hall, 1976) (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, Gupta, 2004) (Trompenaars Hempden- Turner, 1997).....................................................................................5 Read MoreEffective Communication Across Cultures: Relating Business to a Person from the Indian Community774 Words   |  3 Pagesvery important in becoming a successful business person in whichever sector one is engaged in; be it technology or finance. 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